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Rectangle R - Select square or rectangular regions (axis-aligned).
Ellipse E - Select circular or horizontal / vertical elliptic regions. Notice that there's no ellipse drawing tool as such, only selecting.
Free (Lasso)
F
Free-form selecting.
Fuzzy (Magic Wand)
U
Select by colour in continuous regions.
By Colour
Shift + O
Select by colour without any limit to continuous regions.
Scissors
I
Create paths to select shapes.
Foreground
(none)
Select a region containing foreground objects.
Brush tools
Bucket Fill
Shift + B
Fills areas with a colour or pattern.
Blend (Gradient)
L
Fill an area with a gradient.
Pencil
N
Draw exact pixel-edged lines; that is, not anti-aliased.
Paintbrush
P
Paints soft- or fuzzy-edged lines; that is, the pixels are anti-aliased and/or feathered.
Eraser
Shift + E
Erase pixels from a layer.
Airbrush
A
Paint tool with a softer pressure.
Ink
K
Paint anti-aliased with a simulation of a nib.
Clone
C
Copy pixels from one part of an image to another.
Heal
H
Heal image irregularities.
Perspective Clone
(none)
Clone from an image source after applying perspective transformation.
Convolve (Blur/Sharpen)
Shift + U
Blur or sharpen an image.
Smudge
S
Mix adjacent pixels; with a direction.
Dodge/Burn
Shift + D
Lighten or darken an image's shadows, mid tones or highlights.
Transform tools
Move
M
Move selections and layers.
Align
Q
Align or arrange layers and/or other objects.
Crop
Shift + C
Crop or clip all the image.
Rotate
Shift + R
Rotate the active layer, selection or path.
Scale
Shift + T
Scale the active layer, selection or path.
Shear
Shift + S
Tilt part of the image to some direction.
Perspective
Shift + P
Imitate 3-dimensional shift of an image.
Flip
Shift + F
Flip selections and layers.
Other tools
Path
B
Allows selecting and modifying paths.
Colour Picker
O
Select the colour from anywhere in open images for further drawing.
Magnify (Zoom)
Z
Alter the zoom level in the program.
Measure
Shift + M
Shows distances and angles.
Text
T
Place text layers into your image.
There are also some other tools, hidden by default. These tools are accessed from the "Tools" menu, or by showing them in toolbox.
Icon
Name
Shortcut
Description
Colour tools
Colour Balance
(none)
Modifies the colour balance of current selection or layer.
Hue-Saturation
(none)
Adjusts hue, saturation and lightness.
Colourize
(none)
Renders into a grey scale seen through coloured glass.
Brightness-Contrast
(none)
Adjusts brightness and contrast. This brightness is alike to the Color/Hue/Saturation's Lightness, but from other algorithmic point of view.
Threshold
(none)
Transforms the current layer or selection into black and white.
Levels
(none)
Changes the intensity range of the active layer or selection in every channel.
Curves
(none)
Changes the colour, brightness, contrast or transparency by means of diagrams.
Posterize
(none)
Reduces the number of colours.
Desaturate
(none)
Converts all colour to shades of grey.
Other tools
GEGL operation
(none)
Executes a GEGL operation.
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